# Getting Started

The workflow for DataDrivenDiffEq.jl is similar to other SciML packages. You start by defining a DataDrivenProblem and then dispatch on the solve command to return a DataDrivenSolution.

Here is an outline of the required elements and choices:

• Define a problem using your data.
• Data can be discrete, continuous, or direct.
• Choose a basis.
• This is optional depending on which solver you choose.
• Solve the problem.
• Many solvers exist; see the docs.

## Basic usage

using DataDrivenDiffEq, ModelingToolkit, LinearAlgebra

# The function we are trying to find
f(u) = u.^2 .+ 2.0u .- 1.0
#
X = randn(1, 100)
Y = reduce(hcat, map(f, eachcol(X)))
# Create a problem from the data

# Choose a basis
@variables u
basis = Basis(monomial_basis([u], 2), [u])
println(basis)

# Solve the problem, using the solver of your choosing
res = solve(problem, basis, STLSQ())
println(res)
println(result(res))

## Defining a Problem

Problems of identification, estimation, or inference are defined by data. These data contain at least measurements of the states X, which would be sufficient to describe a DiscreteDataDrivenProblem with unit time steps similar to the first example on dynamic mode decomposition. Of course, we can extend this to include time points t, control signals U or a function describing those u(x,p,t). Additionally, any parameters p known a priori can be included in the problem. In practice, this looks like:

problem = DiscreteDataDrivenProblem(X)
problem = DiscreteDataDrivenProblem(X, t, U, p = p)
problem = DiscreteDataDrivenProblem(X, t, (x,p,t)->u(x,p,t))

Similarly, a ContinuousDataDrivenProblem would need at least measurements and time-derivatives (X and DX) or measurements, time information and a way to derive the time derivatives(X, t and a Collocation method). Again, this can be extended by including a control input as measurements or a function and possible parameters:

problem = ContinuousDataDrivenProblem(X, DX)
problem = ContinuousDataDrivenProblem(X, t, DX, U, p = p)
problem = ContinuousDataDrivenProblem(X, t, DX, (x,p,t)->u(x,p,t))
# Using collocation
problem = ContinuousDataDrivenProblem(X, t, U, InterpolationMethod())
problem = ContinuousDataDrivenProblem(X, t, U, GaussianKernel(), p = p)

You can also directly use a DESolution as an input to your DataDrivenProblem:

problem = DataDrivenProblem(sol; kwargs...)

which evaluates the function at the specific timepoints t using the parameters p of the original problem instead of using the interpolation. If you want to use the interpolated data, add the additional keyword use_interpolation = true.

An additional type of problem is the DirectDataDrivenProblem, which does not assume any kind of causal relationship. It is defined by X and an observed output Y in addition to the usual arguments:

problem = DirectDataDrivenProblem(X, Y)
problem = DirectDataDrivenProblem(X, t, Y, U)
problem = DirectDataDrivenProblem(X, t, Y, p = p)
problem = DirectDataDrivenProblem(X, t, Y, (x,p,t)->u(x,p,t), p = p)

## Choosing a Basis

A basis is optional, depending on the solver and solution method you are using. For instance, for DMD, a basis is not required, but for SINDy using STLQS(), it is required.

A basis can be defined like:

@variables u[1:2]
Ψ = Basis([u; u[1]^2], u)

See the Implicit Systems tutorials for more complex examples of defining a Basis.

## Solving the Problem

Next up, we choose a method to solve the DataDrivenProblem. Depending on the input arguments and the type of problem, the function will return a result derived via Koopman, Sparse Optimization, or general Symbolic Regression. Different options can be provided, depending on the inference method, for options like rounding, normalization, or the progress bar. A Basis can be used for lifting the measurements.

# Use a Koopman based inference
res = solve(problem, DMDSVD(), kwargs...)
# Use a sparse identification
res = solve(problem, basis, STLQS(), kwargs...)

The DataDrivenSolution res contains a result which is the inferred system and a Basis, metrics which is a NamedTuple containing different metrics of the inferred system. These can be accessed via:

# The inferred system
system = result(res)
# The metrics
m = metrics(res)

Since the inferred system is a parametrized equation, the corresponding parameters can be accessed and returned via

# Vector
ps = parameters(res)
# Parameter map
ps = parameter_map(res)
Info

The keyword argument eval_expression controls the function creation behavior. eval_expression=true means that eval is used, so normal world-age behavior applies (i.e. the functions cannot be called from the function that generates them). If eval_expression=false, then construction via GeneralizedGenerated.jl is utilized to allow for same world-age evaluation. However, this can cause Julia to segfault on sufficiently large basis functions. By default eval_expression=false.